Which hazards are commonly associated with thunderstorms?

Thunderstorms are well-known for creating a variety of hazardous conditions that can significantly impact aviation safety. The correct choice highlights critical threats associated with these meteorological events.

Wind shear is a sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance and is particularly dangerous during takeoff and landing phases of flight, as it can lead to loss of control. Hail, often produced in severe thunderstorms, presents a risk to aircraft by damaging surfaces and incapacitating engines if ingested. Lightning is another common threat during thunderstorms; it can strike an aircraft, causing electrical malfunctions. Reduced visibility due to heavy rain, precipitation, or cloud cover can further complicate navigation and safe landing procedures.

In contrast, options that describe conditions like low humidity and high pressure often relate to stable weather systems, not thunderstorms. Similarly, clear skies and calm winds are indicative of weather without significant turbulence, which does not apply to storm conditions. High altitude with stable air is also characteristic of non-conducive environments for thunderstorm development, as they occur in more dynamic conditions that involve vertical movement and instability.